August 1985
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AUGUST 1985 Ned meeting: Friday, August 9th, 7:30 PM Notice: The September meeting will be on the third
Friday of the month (the 20th) because of a special guest who will be attending from Broderbund Software. I hope you can all mal<e it.
Notice also the new BBS phone number.
Bob Floyd Bruce Haug Frank Haug Jim Schulz
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Edi tor Jon Nelson 487-2627 Pr·esident . Treasurer Feuer Max l)ice-Pres 774-6226 Cass Lib. Bruce Haug Disk Lib. 774-6226 Sec re tar·y Steve Pauley Paper/Ed. Lib, 537-5442 473-2897 SPACE/TAIG Bu 11 et in Board
Paul Published by the St. ts Enthusias At .ar· i Computer t independen an (SPACE), organizati on with no business Atari •.-"Jith affiliatic, n is Permission Incorpora ted. similar any to granted organizati on with which SPACE to newslette rs exchanges this in reprint material however, newslette r. We do, to the ask that credit be ,authors and to SPACE. those __,'Opinic,n s expr·essed are of the article authors and do the not necessari ly reflect club SPACE, of views or Atari officers, members, Inc.
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484-9027 483-3895 774-6226 560-2917
A NEW ATARI AT THIS MEETING: BE SURE TO SEE THIS! 520ST. FEATURES IN THIS ISSUE:
PART II OF CHRIS CRAWFORD ✓ s ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE COURSE, A MEMBER-WRITTEN ARTICLE ON THE CIH10DORE 1702 COLOR MONITOR, NEWS FROM BATTERIE S INCLUDED ,
AND NEWS FROM OUR PRESIDEN T. THESE PLUS ALL OF OUR REGULAR MONTHLY COLll'iNS.
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BYTES FROM THE PRES. by Bob Floyd One-Year Anniversary - It·' s no» been 1 ;,ear since I_ became "the Pres". It is likewise the same for Bruce Haug as vice-Pres and Jon I think Max Nelson as newsletter editor. Feuer_ is having his third anniversary with SPACE. Jim Shulz has a fe•JJ more months to go and I ·'m not sure how to add up time for Joanne as our secretary (maternity leave). I think We've its been a good year for the club. almost doubled our membership. We're getting a the even in at meetings, good turnout summertime. ATARI appears to be coming out Our with the "right stuff" at good prices. new meeting place seems to be working out fine, and at even a lower cost than thought ($21.00/meeting). SPACE now has a set of bylaws. tJe are selling lots of disks at the meeting, probably due to the DOM being quite a LJel l, that's bit improved (thanks Frank). 1,Je'll all keep enough blowing my m1Jn horn. going strong through the fall elections. - We will probably have an ST at the Food. next meeting, courtesy of Computer· Incidentally, it probably ~\•on·'t be Computer Soft Todd · Bur~:ey, 1onger. much Food Unlimited, and Steve Pauley ha~e formed a joint company (perhaps it will be called Soft resist). guys, I couldn't sorry Food (Edi tor·'s note: Latest 1,1Jord is that it wi 11 actually be called 'MindTools'.) 520Sr ✓ s
Printshop Public Domain Graphics Disk - The Jersey Atari Computer Society (JAGS) has sent me a letter requesting user-created disk files for use with Printshop. They will compile a few disks from clubs across the country and make these available to us when done. Please bring any Printshop graphics disks you have I 1,1Jill give you a created to the meeting. blank disk in return, or get a free disk of the month from Frank Haug. Secretary Returns - Joanne will resume her duties at this meeting. Thanks, Steve Pauley for the help.
520ST vs. AMIGA - Here's why I think Atari wi 11 succeed with the ST and AMIGA wi 11 fa~ I It all boils down to price and market. the penetrate anyone can doubt whether business market with IBM and Apple in such That leaves the strong positions already. home market, In a comparison between the ST and the AMIGA, the ST is far lower in price, making it much easier for home users to of prices comparing ll..tl In afford. comparably equipped machines (512K with RGB color monitor), the Atari is ·l1000 vs. $1700 for AMIGA. True, the AMIGA can do more, but figure not without additional expenditures. an AMI GA with enough extra goodies to be of sufficient interest \-viii cost about ·l2800. Who can afford this for home use? Also, the Atari can be had in a B&l,.J ver-sion for ·l20C less. I think Atari·'s main problem ,,<Jill be to their convince enough retailers to carry machines in time for the Xmas rush. The AMIGA will not be in time for Xmas. They have been beaten to the marketplace, this in itself being of great importance. (Note that all prices were suggested retail, and not at the discounts we are used to seeing at SPACE.) Demo's - 1,Je ,A,i 11 demo another program that ~ only It's "Label-Maker". called wrote function is to edit and print up many labels It supports NEC/Prowriter, Epson at a time. MX-80, and Atari 825 printers. However, it can easily be customized for your own printer. It supports print characteristics used by word fonts, different (centering, processors under-lining, etc.). It also supports labels It is ha~dy for disk of 1, 2, or 3 across. labels, home canning, etc. We will also br·ing a fe~\I AP>< games from ANTIC·' s APX.
ANriLOG D.O.M. Bob ·. Joanne Floyd
1,Je 1,oJill have Analog Computing disk for· i:-sue Price is $4,00 for tt33 at the meeting. registered Analog subscribers. This is the subscription. club's first disk from our instead of as out Instructions are now printed a copy w~ up pick to sure a disk file. Be Supra Corp. - MPP Corp. went bankrupt a few be ·:::.elii~ longer no will I you buy a disk. Supra has bought them out and these from the front area. months ago. You ,_ an . 1 ".:; will continue the product 1 ine. It is owned Joanne a few rows up a few minutes b.:?for-, ,:, by the same people as HPP. after the meeting, and buy the disk from her. Beginner's Group - The group didn't meet last time due to the confusion up front with demos and a disk drive conking out. We will try again this month.
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-3CHRIS C~FORD ASSEMBLY LANG!ii\GE COURSE FOR WORLDWIDE USERS NETWORK - LECTURE TWO -
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6502 ARITltlETIC ** Nl.tlBER SYSTEMS In this lecture I will take up the problem of arithmetic on the 6502. I choose this topic only because it is fairly simple to do on the 6502. There are a couple of nerve-jangling problems associated with 6502 arithmetic, but I will breeze over those in a very cavalier fashion. Before we can do arithmetic, though, you must know a 1ittle bit about number systems. There are three that you must knlM: decimal, binary, and hexadecimal. Decimal is the standard numbeat you have used since grade school. You count 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 61 ?, B, 9, and then you reach O again, so you put down a I in the tens place and resume counting from 0. Binary works the same way, except that there are only two digits, not ten. The two digits are O and 1. You count O, then 1, then you reach Oagain, so you put down a 1 in the twos place and resume counting from 0. Thus, counting from 0 to ten in binary like this: Decimal Binary 0 1 2 1
.._. 5
0 1
10 11 100 101
6
110
7
111
8
1000
9
1001
10
1010 In binary, instead of having ones, tens, and hundreds places, we have ones, twos, fours and eights places. It takes a lot more digits to express a number in binary, but then again, we have only the two numberals O and 1 to work with, so what does one expect' The hexadecimal number system is a base-16 system. In this system, you count froo O to 16 I ike so 0,1,2,3,4 15,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E ,F,10. The 10 in hexadecimal really means 16 in decimal. So 10 is 16, right? Black is white, truth is likes •••. stay with assembly language long enough and you'll believe anything. Actually, it's easy to avoid confusion. We use little prefixes to tell you and the computer whether a number is expressed in decimal, binary, or hexadecimal, No prefix means decimal. A$ prefix means hexadecimal; a 1/. means binary. Thus 1/.10 means 2 while $10 means 16 1 but 10 means just plain old 10. Hexadecimal is not hard to learn at all; if you go into any store you will see that they use xadecimal on all their signs. '-'
ADDITill-l ~D SUBTRACTl[t.l Addition with the 6502 is very simple; it uses the AOC instruction. This instruction means "Add with Carry•; I'll get to the Carry part in just a moment. For n<M, let me explain the instruction. The ADC instruction has an
operand, normally a location in memory. When the instruction is executed, it takes the contents of that memory location and adds that value to the value in the accumulator. It leaves the sum of the two numbers in the accumulator. This of course destorys the old value in the acucmulat~-. You can use the immediate mode of addressing with the ADC instruction, in which case it adds the value itse :, Thus, "ADC N 9' I I add a 9 to the contents of the accumulator, while "ADC FISH 1 will add the contents of address FISH to the accumulator. Subtraction is just I ike addition. The instruction to use is SBC, which means 'Subtract Borrowing Carry•, Again, I'll tell you about the Carry part in a moment. This instruction subtracts the operand from the contents of the accumulator, leaving the resit in the accumulator, It also can be done in either immediate mode (e.g. SBC#5) or absolute mode (e.g., SBC GOAT). WORD LENGTH PROBLEMS If that were all there were to arithmetic with the 6502, programmers would be paid a lot less. The first killer problem is that the 6502 uses 8-bit words; that is, the numbers that the 6502 stores and works with are only 8 bits wide, This means that the biggest number the 6SG2 :i~ canprehend is 255. Uh-oh! What happens if you want to have a checkbook balancing program and you have more than $255? What happens if you get more than 25~ points in your 'Decapitate the Orphans• gante? In fact, what happens if you just ignore the limit and add, say, 10 to 250? Well, believe it or not, the 6502 will give you an answer of 4, Why? The number system that the 6502 uses is like a wheel, with O at the top, counting clockwise 1,2,3, ... all the way up to 255, which lies right next to the 0. If you go up from 255 you just wrap around past the Oand start all over. Similarly, if you subtract 2 from O, you'll get 254. The solution to all this is provided by the Carry bit, discussion of which I've been putting off unitl now, The Carry bit is a flag that the 6502 uses to remember when it has done arithmetic that carried it over the boundary between Oand 255. By using it properly, you can solve your arithmetic problems. The first trick to using the Carry bit is to use multi-byte words. This means that, instead of using a single byte to store a number, you use several. For example, if you use two bytes to remember a number, you can store a number as large as l'i 5 5. three bytes lets you to to 16,777,215, Four bytes 1ets you go to 4,294,967,295, big enough for you? To use multi-byte arithmetic, you set up a series of additions of subtractions. Suppose, for example, that you want to add two two-byte words. The program fragment to do this would look I ike this: LDA
CLC ADC STA LDA
ADC STA
LOFISH
LOGOAT L~SR HIFISH HIGOAT Hl~SR
This 1ittle fragaent of code assumes that the first two-byte value is called <L0GMT, HIGMT), and that the 1 HiftlSR). The new instruction, CLC, stands for "Clear Carry• and it means that the Carry bit should be set to 0. It should always be used with all additions except chained additions like this one. The code does the following: first it adds the two low values. If the addition resulted in a wraparound (result greater than 255), then the Carry bit was set; otherwise, it was cleared. Then it performed the second addition, adding in the value of the Carry bit (That's why we call it 'Add with Carry'). Thus, if a wraparound occurred, an additional one was added into the high sum. This system insures that multi-byte addition works properly. For subtraction, you use the SEC instruction ('Set Carry'). Otherwise, you handle subtraction the same way that you handle addition. In both addition and subraction, though, the low bytes must be handled first, then the higher bytes in the proper order <lower to higher).
-4other groups, but we could sure use some member-written stuff. Now maybe you're not an expert, but if you have a program you wrote that you think is pretty neat why don't yr donate it to the club? After all, how ma~ helpful uilities or great (well at least good) games did you get from the D.O.M.? •••• Sorry to get up on the soap box there, I just don't ~11an t to see our group using ONLY other group·' s programs. THANK YOU to a 11 the members ~vho have donated programs.
DECIMAL & SIIJ-lED ARITftlETIC There are two variations on standard 6502 arithmetic. Both are so rarely used that I will not treat them here. The first is decimal arithmetic using the Decimal flag. This allows you to set up an automatic decimal adjust mode. This is useful in certain types of arithmetic, decimal adjust mode. This is useful in certain types of arithmetic, primarily BCD arithmetic. If you don't know what this is, don't bother with the Decimal flag_._ ~You4rogram should alway~-~11-with the instruction CLO, which means 'Clear Decimal Flag•. I will tell you this just once: failure to clear the decimal flag is the source of the most frustrating and impossible-to-trace bug in the 6502. Every single program should start with the instruction CLO. The second arcane bit of 6502 arithmetic is signed ar i theme tic. It uses the V flag ( •oVerfl ow•). Signed arithmetic is always confusing and seldcn useful. In 7 years of working with the 6502,1 have never had need of it. Don't bother. LIMITATl(}IS (}I 6502 ARITHEMETIC There are quite a few limitations on 6502 arithmetic. There is no facility for multiplication and division; you have to write subroutines to do that. You must design your programs to make do with 8-bit words; failing in that, you must use multi-byte arithemetic, with its consequent price in speed and RAM. All in all, arithmetic is a real pain on the 6502. This is the major reason why most 6502 programs do so 1ittle arithmetic.
D.O.M. Ne1,vs by Frank Haug Wei 1, this month's disK is finally put putting i t together. I had some trouble don·' t Know where some together this month. I of you people think \.<Je get the programs on our disks, we get them mainly from trading with
Besides the DOM we ~vill be selling a label-making program by Bob Floyd, you can use it to maKe labels for canning, disks etc. It is written in FORTH ~Jc ;ou don't need FORTH to run it. It comes with instr·uctions and it works with a variety of printers. Now, on
with the
programs
on
the
August
1985 D.O.M.
1. WATERFALL.BAS - A great GTIA demo. It draws a waterfall with moving current and surrounding scenery. 2. SUB.BAS Pilot sub, avoid depth charges, use joystick to move, and trigger to fire torpedoes at ships. 3. WORM - Eat enough mushrooms to leavP room, avoid running into walls or your ~ body. 4. GRAVITY - Keep 'ba 11 ·' in-be tween top and bottom wf screen. Use joystick trigger to maKe ball gc ,~p, :et trigger go to let ball fall. When the game starts, choose starting level and push joystick to start ball moving. 5. PONGWAR.BAS - Use paddles or joysticks trying to break through opponents wall while guarding your own. 6. BLOCKADE - Bui 1d ~\la 11 around opponent using joysticks in ports 1 & 2. Avoid the game ,,.,alls, your opponent·'s ~11all, and your own. 7. CRAZY8.COM - This is a compiled card game (crazy eights). The object is to get rid of all your cards first. You must follow suit, but you can change suit by discarding an eight,or playing another card of the same value as the one before it (a 2 on a 2). If you can't discard . ou draw a card. After you have 18 cards you ~ust pass. You play against the computer. When the prompt asKs for the ranK (of the card you're discarding) answer with the first two letters of the card (ex. for a five type FI). When the prompt asks for the type answer with the first two letters r the suit (ex. for hearts type HE). 8. PROGOLF - This is a golfing game and ;ou type the appropriate number to answer the type of club direction etc. 9. DOCMASTR - This program will print to the screen or printer any '.DOC' files you
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-5choose. It ~11on ·' t a 11 ow any non-text characters from trading with other user groups and from to be shown or printed (other than submissions from 1oca l members, Members ~11ho ;-.'lctuation) it will also do a right justify submit a program will receive a disk or tape of the month free! lJhat a deal!! ,,..,,Jn it shows/prints the file. For those of you who are new to the D.O.M. Other DoM Info. here are some operating hints. After you are The disk/tape of the month contains programs finished with one program and you whan to from the club 1 ibrary. The tapes can be bring in another,simply hit the break Key, and purchased for $3 and the disks for $4. The then type in RUN "D:SPMENU". This will return group makes a small profit from the sale of you to the space menu. these ,,.,hich go toward supporting some of the Not all of the programs on some of the older things the group does. Each di sK/tape usu a 11 y D, 0 .M. ·' s work I would 1 i Ke someone to make a contains eight to twelve programs. Most of list of these, and then ask for a volunteer to these programs are games with some utilities fix the problems and then I will make up a new and demos mixed in. The programs are obtained disk.
Atari Ccnputers and the Conmodore 1702 Color Monitor by Larry Vanden Plas If you want a very good, reasonably priced color monitor for your Atari 800 or 800XL, get a Conmodore 1702 Color Monitor. This advice, which is often found in articles on Atari ccnputers, beccnes more compelling when the local CIJ1B stores are selling a refurbished Conmodore 1702 color monitor for $119, If you can spare the money, this article will tell you how to make it happen, First, get the monitor, But don't just plunk your money down, pick up the box, and walk out with a smile. I did. When I got home and opened the box I found no booklet, warranty or cable. Back to the store, where they were most cooperative. I checked the second box and found that it had paperwork and cable. But when I got home I could not get the power light to go on. Back to 'store just before closing. Again they were most cooperative. This time I asked the clerk to hook the monitor up in place of "'Plltir display monitor, after ensuring paperwork and cable were in the box. It worked fine. I understand problems are connon in Connodore equipment. This may be why equpiment refurbished by Conmodore may be better than new. Second, get a cable. The 8 pin cable that comes with the monitor does not fit the 5 pin socket of the Ataris. Get a 5 pin DIN plug to 4 RCA plugs shielded cable. My favorite source is Acme Electronics, 224 Washington Ave, No,,Ninneapol is, MN 55401 (338-4754). They had a nice 72 1 cable produced by TEI Electronics, Inc., of Hialeah, Florida, for $3.70 (item #l3-181SPl). Third, hook it up. The connections are: PLUG PIN # DESCRIPTIIJ-l White, Center 1 Cmp Luma Outside of all plugs 2 Ground Black, Center 3 Audio Output Yellow, Center 4 Comp Video Red, Center 5 Comp Chrma With the 800 you have two choices. With the power off, you may plug the yellow RCA plug into the Video socket on the front and the black RCA plug into the audio next to it. Make sure the rear slide switch on the back is set to 'front•. Carefully push the 5 pin DIN socket into the monitor jack of the 800. When you turn the power on (first monitor, then cmputer) you should have the equivalent of a very good TV set. For best results (I ike a RGB), turn all power off and plug the white RCA plug into the jack on the back of the monitor marked 1 LI.M", the black RCA plug into the jack marked 1 AUDI0 1 and the red RCA plug into the jaci ·· :-ked "CHRIW\ 1 • With the 5 pin DIN plug securely in the cmputer monitor jack, turn on the monitor, then the computer, The SOOXL is similar; however, it lacks a chroma output. You may hook it up in the front like the first method for the 800 and it works well. However, if you use the rear jacks on the monitor and put the red RCA plug into the CHRIW\ jack you will have a black and white picture due to the lack of a chrma output on this pin, You may cheat and put the yellow RCA plug (composite video) into the CHRIW\ jack instead. Now you will have a color picture when you turn the power on if you have the slide switch on the back set to "rear•. I put electrical tape over the unused red plug. ,Sorry, I understand neither the 400 nor the 600 was equipped for monitors. 1
1
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1
1
Remember: 1. It is wise to ensure you have your paperwork and the monitor works before you leave the store. 2. Get a 5 pin DIN with 4 RCA plugs. 3. With the power off, carefully push the proper RCA plugs into the marked jacks on the monitor and the 5 pin DIN plug into the socket on the computer marked monitor. Ensure the slide switch on the rear is in the proper position.
For your information, I have included a dril\lling of the monitor jack beltM:
AUD IO OUTPUT
CctlPOSITE Ll.t1INANCE
CctlPOSITE CHRctlA
CctlPOSITE VIDEO
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GRO!JiD M~ITOR JACK ( 800 ~LY) * DIN 5 Pin Jack* Yo~ may ch~ck the cable you buy with a_meter to ensure the colors I quoted are the same connections you have. The drawing above ts ~he Jack 1n the computer. The p,n arrangement for the 5 pin DIN plug will be a mirror image of the jack (1 and 3 swappeo; 4 and 5 swapped). Thanks to Jim Buchmann for his advice. May your c011puting be more productive and your games be more fun. Reference: Creative C011puting, March, 19B4, pp. 252-255. P.S. The third monitor died on the third day of use and the ptMer light would not c011e on nor would it shCM any sign of I ife on t~e screen •. CctlB cheerful~y gave me my choice of another and extended the 14 day return period. The clerk wanted me leave it Pugged awhile after the picture came on the screen. She seemed to knCM what she was doing. LVP
=======~~===~== =============== =='-26 July, 1985 A public statement from Batteries Included regarding our 80 column card for the Atari. to enjoyable easy and It's always announce good news, but seldom much fun to President of As Vice announce the bad. Development for Batteries Included, it's been a pleasure over the past year to introduce and bring to market such products as HomePaK, PaperCl i p and B./GRAPH for the Atari • Un fortunate 1y, I no~oJ have the unhappy the you about to te 11 tasK of having cancellation of our BJ-BO, BO-column display adaptor cartridge for XL and XE systems. Rather than simply making an announcement and leaving it at that (man:1 companies cancel decided products without a word), we have that we o~oJe the Atari community an exp I ana ti on decision was made. It may not why this comfort those ~oJho really wanted the pr·oduct and were waiting with some anticipation, but it might give some insight into why these t\tlings happen and the Kinds of choices and decisions that are made in this industry.
BI created and marketed the most popular 80 column adaptor for the C-64. About a year ago, when we comitted to the Atari market we decided to create an Atari BI-80 as well. We contracted with a well recommeded, experienced designer but the design was never completed to our satistfacion. About six months ago our own senior inovative, high engineer came up with an It used a design. inexpensive quality, yet spec i a 1 custom VLSI c 1 i p. l,Je announced it and several prototypes at Summer demonstrated had several programing teams we CES. As well, working on software. The cornerstone of the BI-80 was its promised manufacturer The chip. custom delivery within 8 weeks of an order. Recently we placed our firm order, with the intention of shipping in September. Much to our dismay, we have just lear~ that we will not be able to get our fir~ production chips until January 1986. This is. essentially why the BI-80 project has been cancelled. I.Jithout being able to sell this product in the important fall and Christmas markets,
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quarter /4e financial r i sks--we 11 over a mill ion dollars--are unjustified. Late winter is the worst time of the year in this business tn launch a new product.
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Also we are ready to introduce updates of HomePak and PaperCl ip this fall. What to do? Postpone them till spring? Release versions without the BI-80 support and then again when i t·'s ready? These were just some of the considerations. In the end, our research showed that it would not be possible for us to bring the product to market. If you've been waiting for it, we can only say, we are sincerely sorry, we really wanted the Atari BI-80 to happen as we 11 • Finally, we want to be sure that all Atari owners and enthusiasts Know that we at Batteries Included are still committed to the Atari software marketplace and will continue to create and publish our finest software for both the Atari XL/XE and ST markets.
For the exciting new 68000 based ST·' s 1,1Je plan on publishing not less than seven first class original programs during the coming nine new months. These include; a magnificant Wetmore; a version of HomePak from Russ powerful] drawing and graphics program (from a famous author I can·'t name just yet), and another unique program that I can't give details on right now, but is going to thrill a 1ot of peop 1e. More hopefu 11 , in a few weel<s. major Batteries announced recently a high-end 1 ine of software called the I*S series; Integral Solution for the IBM PC under· a includes 1 ine, integrated GEM. This Portfolio Manager, a Time and Billing program Data for professionals, a Word Processor, Base Management System and a Spreadsheet. I can't tell you more, and this isn't the time or place in any event, but you can trust that they will each be state-of-the-art and really e;<citing. We're looking forward to doing our for the Atari community. Thanks for understanding.
best your
Be tween now a~...; next spring we in tend to bring to marl<et upgraded editions of both Michael Reichmann Homepal< and PaperCl ip. Low cost upgrades for Vice President, Development Batteries Included · 1istered owners will be made available.
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WANT ADS It is possible for members to place 'Want Ads' in this newsletter. The ads may be for selling used hardware, used software, tutoring services, or just about anything that The rates are as has to do with Atari. follows: $1 .00 216 Letters 6 Lines .25 36 Letters 1 Line The following is a 1 ist of advertising rates for vendors or individual members. Full page $18.00 7-1/2" X 10" 10.00 3-5/8" X 10" Half page 10.00 7-1/2" X 5" Half page 5.50 3-5/8" X 5" 1/4 page All advertisements must be paid for when they are submitted. Deadline for ad placement To place is two Mondays before the meeting. ad or for more info, call the editor.
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